GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2022

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021 (For All Competitive Examinations)• J&K AND LADAKH NEW MAP• INDIAN HISTORY• ART AND CULTURE • WORLD HISTORY • GEOGRAPHY• ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY• INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION• INDIAN ECONOMY• SCIENCE• SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY• WORLD PANORAMA• INDIAN PANORAMA• BOOKS AND AUTHORS• AWARDS AND HONOURS• GAMES AND SPORTS• ABBREVIATIONS____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________CONTENTSConstitutional Amendments —Pgs. 42Preface —Pgs. xiiiSome Important Amendments of the Constitution —Pgs. 42New Political Map of UTs of J&K and Ladakh released on 2nd Nov. 2019 —Pgs. xivGlossary of Constitutional Terms —Pgs. 45INDIAN HISTORY —PGS. 1–78INDIAN ECONOMY —PGS. 1–39ANCIENT INDIA —PGS. 3–34INDIAN ECONOMY —PGS. 3–39Sources of Ancient Indian History —Pgs. 3Characteristics of Indian Economy —Pgs. 3Literary Sources —Pgs. 3Agriculture and Land Development —Pgs. 3Archaeological Sources —Pgs. 5National Income —Pgs. 6Coin Types —Pgs. 7Economic Planning —Pgs. 7Culture and Civilisation —Pgs. 7Types of Planning —Pgs. 8The Stone Age: An Introduction —Pgs. 8Niti Aayog —Pgs. 9Indus Valley Civilisation —Pgs. 9Unemployment —Pgs. 10Vedic Culture (1500 BC–600 BC) —Pgs. 12Some Important Development and Employment Programmes —Pgs. 12Later Vedic Period (1000 BC–600 BC) —Pgs. 15Trade and Commerce —Pgs. 17Mahajanapada Period (600 BC–325 BC) —Pgs. 16New Economic Policy —Pgs. 17Magadha Empire —Pgs. 17Indian Financial System —Pgs. 18Haryanaka Dynasty (544 BC–412 BC) —Pgs. 17The Indian Capital Market —Pgs. 19Shishunaga Dynasty (413 BC–344 BC) —Pgs. 18Indian Fiscal System —Pgs. 20Nanda Dynasty (344 BC–323 BC) —Pgs. 18Banking in India —Pgs. 21Foreign Invasions —Pgs. 18Tax System —Pgs. 23Religious Movements (600 BC–400 BC) —Pgs. 19Industry —Pgs. 25Maurya Period (322 BC–185 BC) —Pgs. 22Large Scale Industries —Pgs. 27Post-Maurya/Pre-Gupta Period (185 BC–319 AD) —Pgs. 25Foreign Direct Investment —Pgs. 27Kanva Dynasty (73 BC–28 BC) —Pgs. 26Foreign Trade —Pgs. 28Satavahana Dynasty (60 BC–225 AD) —Pgs. 26Demography —Pgs. 30The Cheti Dynasty of Kalinga —Pgs. 26Miscellaneous Facts —Pgs. 30Foreign Successors of Mauryas —Pgs. 26SCIENCE —PGS. 1–74Gupta Period (319 AD–540 AD) —Pgs. 27PHYSICS —PGS. 3–30The Hunas (500 AD–530 AD) —Pgs. 28Unit —Pgs. 3Vakatakas (3rd Century AD–5th Century AD) —Pgs. 28Kinematics —Pgs. 3Post-Gupta Period/Vardhana Dynasty (550 AD–647 AD) —Pgs. 30Motion —Pgs. 4States of the Deccan and South India —Pgs. 31Friction —Pgs. 5Sangam Age —Pgs. 32Work, Energy and Power —Pgs. 6Religious Development —Pgs. 34Gravitation —Pgs. 6MEDIEVAL INDIA —PGS. 35–53Satellite —Pgs. 7The Rajputs —Pgs. 35General Properties of Matter —Pgs. 8Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD–1526 AD) —Pgs. 35Pressure —Pgs. 8The Slave Dynasty (1206 AD–1290 AD) —Pgs. 36Floatation —Pgs. 9The Khilji Dynasty (1290 AD–1320 AD) —Pgs. 37Surface Tension —Pgs. 9The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 AD–1414 AD) —Pgs. 37Capillarity —Pgs. 10The Sayyid Dynasty (1414 AD–1450 AD) —Pgs. 38Density —Pgs. 10The Lodhi Dynasty (1451 AD–1526 AD) —Pgs. 39Viscosity —Pgs. 10Provincial Kingdoms —Pgs. 40Wave —Pgs. 11Vijayanagar and Other Kingdoms —Pgs. 41Important Terms —Pgs. 12Bahamani Kingdom —Pgs. 42Sound Wave —Pgs. 12Religious Movements in the 15th–16th Centuries —Pgs. 43Heat —Pgs. 13Mughal Period (1526 AD–1540 AD and 1555 AD–1857 AD) —Pgs. 45Relation between Temperatures on Different Scales —Pgs. 14Later Mughals —Pgs. 48Some Practical Applications of Thermal Expansion —Pgs. 14Maratha State (1674 AD–1720 AD) and Maratha Confederate (1720 AD–1818 AD) —Pgs. 51Transmission of Heat —Pgs. 14The Peshwas (1713 AD–1880 AD) —Pgs. 51Latent Heat or Heat of Transformation —Pgs. 15The Advent of Europeans —Pgs. 52Thermodynamics —Pgs. 15MODERN INDIA —PGS. 54–78Light —Pgs. 16Expansion of British Power —Pgs. 54Human Eye —Pgs. 19Anglo-Mysore Wars —Pgs. 55Electricity —Pgs. 20Anglo-Burmese War —Pgs. 55Electrochemical Cell —Pgs. 21The Carnatic Wars —Pgs. 56Magnetism —Pgs. 22Anglo-Maratha Wars —Pgs. 56Atomic and Nuclear Physics —Pgs. 23Economic Impact of British Rule —Pgs. 56Electronics —Pgs. 25Land Revenue Systems —Pgs. 56Nanotechnology —Pgs. 25Indian Renaissance —Pgs. 57CHEMISTRY —PGS. 31–49The Revolt of 1857 AD —Pgs. 59States of Matter —Pgs. 31Indian National Movement —Pgs. 60Elements —Pgs. 31The Partition of Bengal (1905) and Boycott and Swadeshi (1905 AD–1908 AD) —Pgs. 61Compounds —Pgs. 32The Gandhian Era (1917 AD–1947 AD) —Pgs. 62Mixtures —Pgs. 32Main Events During the Gandhian Era —Pgs. 63Separation of Mixtures —Pgs. 32Growth of Modern Education in India —Pgs. 69Atomic Structure —Pgs. 33Important Foreign Travellers/Envoys —Pgs. 69Radioactivity —Pgs. 35Important Sayings —Pgs. 70Periodic Classification of Elements —Pgs. 35Governor-Generals and Viceroys —Pgs. 74Chemical Bonding —Pgs. 36Governor-Generals of India —Pgs. 75Acids, Bases and Salts —Pgs. 38Governor Generals of Free India (1947 AD–1950 AD) —Pgs. 77Electrolysis —Pgs. 40Important National Leaders —Pgs. 77Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis —Pgs. 41ART AND CULTURE               1–20Carbon and Its Compounds —Pgs. 41ART AND CULTURE —PGS. 3–20Hydrocarbons —Pgs. 41Religion in India —Pgs. 3Plastics —Pgs. 42Indian Literature and Languages —Pgs. 3Uses of Some Important Organic Compounds —Pgs. 42Literature of India —Pgs. 4Fuels —Pgs. 43Indian Architecture —Pgs. 6Metallurgy —Pgs. 44The Schools of Art —Pgs. 7Compounds of Metal and Non-Metals and Their Uses —Pgs. 44Temple Architecture of India —Pgs. 7Important Facts About Some Metals —Pgs. 45Cave Architecture of India —Pgs. 8Non-Metal —Pgs. 46Rajput Architecture —Pgs. 9Common Facts —Pgs. 46Delhi Style of Architecture —Pgs. 9Air, Water and Their Pollution —Pgs. 47Provincial Style of Architecture —Pgs. 10Smog —Pgs. 47Mughal Style of Architecture —Pgs. 10Man-made Substance —Pgs. 48Post-Mughal Style of Architecture —Pgs. 11Glass —Pgs. 48Colonial Architecture —Pgs. 11Soaps —Pgs. 49Paintings of India —Pgs. 12BIOLOGY —PGS. 50–54Classical Dance of India —Pgs. 13Classification of Organisms —Pgs. 50List of Indian Musical Instruments —Pgs. 15Study of Cell —Pgs. 50Music —Pgs. 16Genetics —Pgs. 53Puppetry —Pgs. 18Sex Determination in Human —Pgs. 53Important Places in India —Pgs. 19Organic Evolution —Pgs. 54WORLD HISTORY —PGS. 1–8BOTANY —PGS. 55–58WORLD HISTORY —PGS. 3–8Plants —Pgs. 55Ancient World —Pgs. 3Phanerogams or Floral Plant —Pgs. 55Medieval World (500 AD–1500 AD) —Pgs. 5Plant Morphology —Pgs. 55Modern World (1500 AD Onwards) —Pgs. 5Plant Tissue —Pgs. 56GEOGRAPHY —PGS. 1–51Photosynthesis —Pgs. 56WORLD GEOGRAPHY —PGS. 3–13Plant Hormones —Pgs. 57Universe —Pgs. 3Nitrogen Cycle —Pgs. 57Evolution of Universe —Pgs. 3Population and Biotic Community —Pgs. 57Stars —Pgs. 3Virus —Pgs. 57Evolutionary Stages of a Star —Pgs. 3Bacteria —Pgs. 57The Solar System —Pgs. 4Plant Diseases —Pgs. 58Origin of Solar System —Pgs. 4ZOOLOGY —PGS. 59–74Members of the Solar System —Pgs. 4Classification of Animal Kingdom —Pgs. 59The Earth —Pgs. 8Some Main Groups of Phylum Chordata —Pgs. 60Internal Structure of the Earth —Pgs. 10Human Blood —Pgs. 61Rocks —Pgs. 11System of the Human Body —Pgs. 62Earthquakes —Pgs. 12Circulatory System —Pgs. 63Volcanic Eruptions —Pgs. 12Excretory System —Pgs. 64LANDFORMS —PGS. 14–28Excretory Products —Pgs. 64Mountains —Pgs. 14Central Nervous System —Pgs. 65Plateaus —Pgs. 14Peripheral Nervous System —Pgs. 65Plains —Pgs. 15Skeletal System —Pgs. 65Atmosphere —Pgs. 15Muscular System —Pgs. 66Structure of the Atmosphere —Pgs. 15Reproductive System —Pgs. 67Weather and Climate —Pgs. 17Gonads —Pgs. 67Winds —Pgs. 17Respiratory System —Pgs. 68Primary Wind Movements (Permanent Winds) —Pgs. 18Sense Organs —Pgs. 68Secondary Wind Movements —Pgs. 18Nutrients —Pgs. 69Tertiary Wind Movement (Local Winds) —Pgs. 19Diseases —Pgs. 71Clouds —Pgs. 19Biotechnology —Pgs. 71Climate —Pgs. 20SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY —PGS. 1–20Forests —Pgs. 20INDIAN RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS —PGS. 3–15Hydrosphere —Pgs. 21Indian Space Research Organisation —Pgs. 3Relief of the Ocean Basin —Pgs. 21INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY —PGS. 16–20Continents of the World —Pgs. 24Computers —Pgs. 16Some Important Facts —Pgs. 26Classification of Computers —Pgs. 17INDIAN GEOGRAPHY —PGS. 29–51Central Processing Unit (CPU) —Pgs. 18The Indian Subcontinent —Pgs. 29Memory Unit (MU) —Pgs. 19Physical Features —Pgs. 29Input/Output —Pgs. 19Himalayas —Pgs. 30Computer Languages —Pgs. 20Hill Ranges of the Peninsula —Pgs. 32WORLD PANORAMA —PGS. 1–19Coastal Plains —Pgs. 32WORLD PANORAMA —PGS. 3–19The Island Groups —Pgs. 32United Nations —Pgs. 3Drainage System of India —Pgs. 33Important Lines and Boundaries —Pgs. 12Climate of India —Pgs. 34INDIAN PANORAMA —PGS. 1–20Climatic Regions of India —Pgs. 35INDIAN PANORAMA —PGS. 3–20Soil —Pgs. 36National Insignia —Pgs. 3Agriculture in India —Pgs. 37Defence of India —Pgs. 10Types of Farming —Pgs. 37Defence Research in India —Pgs. 10Green Revolution —Pgs. 38India's Missile Programme —Pgs. 13Impact of Green Revolution —Pgs. 38UNESCO World Heritage Sites of India —Pgs. 17Mineral Resources of India —Pgs. 38Famous Tourist Places in India —Pgs. 17National Highways —Pgs. 39Important National and International Days and Dates —Pgs. 19States of India —Pgs. 48BOOKS AND AUTHORS —PGS. 1–19Glossary of Geographical Terms —Pgs. 49BOOKS AND AUTHORS —PGS. 3–19ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY —PGS. 1–10Alphabetical Listing of Books —Pgs. 3ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY —PGS. 3–10Most Important & Famous Books of 2018–19 —Pgs. 18Environment —Pgs. 3Most Important Books for Various Government Exams —Pgs. 19Ecology —Pgs. 4AWARDS AND HONOURS —PGS. 1–7Biodiversity —Pgs. 4AWARDS AND HONOURS —PGS. 3–7NTCA —Pgs. 5International Awards —Pgs. 3Project Elephant —Pgs. 5International Beauty Contest —Pgs. 4Zones —Pgs. 6India's International Awards —Pgs. 4Pollution —Pgs. 6National Awards —Pgs. 5Critically Endangered Animal Species of India —Pgs. 9Other National Awards —Pgs. 5INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION —PGS. 1–46Gallantry Awards —Pgs. 5INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION —PGS. 3–46Literary and Cultural Awards in India —Pgs. 5Constitution —Pgs. 3Science Awards —Pgs. 6Evolution of Indian Constitution —Pgs. 3Sports Awards —Pgs. 6Administrative and Legislative Reforms before 1857 —Pgs. 3Important Awards and Honours of 2018–19 —Pgs. 6Administrative and Legislative Reforms after 1857 —Pgs. 3GAMES AND SPORTS —PGS. 1–10Constituent Assembly and Making of the Constitution —Pgs. 5GAMES AND SPORTS —PGS. 3–10Important Articles of the Constitution —Pgs. 7Olympic Games —Pgs. 3Schedules of the Indian Constitution —Pgs. 10Commonwealth Games —Pgs. 4Important Cases of the Constitution —Pgs. 10Asian Games —Pgs. 5Some Special Features of the Indian Constitution —Pgs. 10SAF Games —Pgs. 5Federal and Unitary Features of the Indian Union —Pgs. 11Cricket —Pgs. 5Lapse of Paramountcy —Pgs. 11Women's Cricket World Cup —Pgs. 5Integration and Merger of Indian States —Pgs. 11ICC Twenty-20 Cricket World Cup —Pgs. 6Evolution of States and Union Territories —Pgs. 12ICC Twenty-20 Women's Cricket World Cup —Pgs. 6The Preamble —Pgs. 12Football —Pgs. 6Reorganization of States —Pgs. 12Hockey —Pgs. 7Timeline of States and Union Territories —Pgs. 12Volleyball —Pgs. 7Citizenship —Pgs. 13Table Tennis —Pgs. 7Fundamental Rights —Pgs. 13Basketball —Pgs. 7The Writs —Pgs. 15Badminton —Pgs. 7Fundamental Duties —Pgs. 16Lawn Tennis —Pgs. 7Procedure for Amending The Constitution —Pgs. 17Sports Terms —Pgs. 8Executive of the Union —Pgs. 17Cups and Trophies Associated with Sports —Pgs. 9Powers of President —Pgs. 19ABBREVIATIONS —PGS. 1–23The Prime Minister and the Union Council of Ministers —Pgs. 21ABBREVIATIONS —PGS. 3–23The Parliament of India —Pgs. 23Abbreviations of Associations —Pgs. 3Executive of the States: The Governor —Pgs. 28Industries and Companies Abbreviations —Pgs. 3Chief Minister's (CM) Appointment —Pgs. 29Health and Medical Abbreviations —Pgs. 4Special Position of Jammu and Kashmir —Pgs. 32Foreign Base Abbreviations —Pgs. 5Panchayats —Pgs. 32Banking and Business Abbreviations —Pgs. 6Municipalities —Pgs. 34Abbreviations of Defence —Pgs. 7The Supreme Court (Articles 124–147) —Pgs. 34Educational Abbreviations —Pgs. 8The High Court (Articles 214–231) —Pgs. 36Infrastructure in Universities and Higher Educational Institutions Abbreviations —Pgs. 8Inter-State Council —Pgs. 38General Abbreviations —Pgs. 9Finance Commission (Articles 280–281) —Pgs. 38Official Abbreviations —Pgs. 10National Development Council (NDC) —Pgs. 39Political Abbreviations —Pgs. 11Inter-State Relations —Pgs. 39Postal Telegraphic Abbreviations —Pgs. 12Emergency Provisions (Articles 352–360) —Pgs. 39Scientific Abbreviations —Pgs. 13Public Service Commissions (Articles 315–323) —Pgs. 40Resource Management Abbreviations —Pgs. 16Election —Pgs. 40Railway Abbreviations —Pgs. 17Delimitation Commission of India —Pgs. 40Sports Abbreviations —Pgs. 18The Official Languages (Articles 343–351) —Pgs. 41Military Abbreviations —Pgs. 19National Symbols —Pgs. 42